Methodology for off-line validation of transmission line parameters via several measurement snapshots

Neste trabalho propõe-se uma metodologia off-line, prática e eficiente, para detectar, identificar e corrigir erros em parâmetros série e shunt de linhas de transmissão. As linhas de transmissão, ou ramos do modelo barra-ramo, suspeitas de estarem com EPs são identificadas através do Índice de Suspeita (IS). O IS de um ramo é a relação entre o número de medidas incidentes a esse ramo, cujos resíduos normalizados são maiores que um valor pré-estabelecido, e o número total de medidas incidentes a esse ramo. Usando várias amostras de medidas, os parâmetros dos ramos suspeitos são estimados, de forma seqüencial, via um estimador de estado e parâmetros baseado nas equações normais, que aumenta o vetor de variáveis de estado para inclusão dos parâmetros suspeitos. Resultados numéricos de diversas simulações, com os sistemas de 14, 30 e 57 barras do IEEE, têm demonstrado a alta precisão e confiabilidade da metodologia proposta, mesmo na ocorrência de erros múltiplos (em mais de um parâmetro) em ramos adjacentes, como também em linhas de transmissão paralelas com compensação série. Comprovou-se a viabilidade prática da metodologia proposta através da aplicação da mesma, para depuração (detecção, identificação e correção) dos valores dos parâmetros de dois subsistemas da Hydro-Québec Trans-Énergie.A practical and efficient off-line approach to detect, identify and correct series and shunt branch parameter errors is proposed in this thesis. The branches suspected of having parameter errors are identified by means of the Suspicious Index (SI). The SI of a branch is the ratio between the number of measurements incident to that branch, whose normalized residuals are larger than one specified threshold value, and the total number of measurements incident to that branch. Using several measurement snapshots, the suspicious parameters are sequentially estimated, via an augmented state and parameter estimator which increases the V-\'teta\' state vector for the inclusion of suspicious parameters. Several simulation results (with IEEE 14, 30 and 57 bus systems) have demonstrated the high accuracy and reliability of the proposed approach to de al with single and multiple parameter errors in adjacent and non-adjacent branches, as well as in parallel transmission lines with series compensation. The proposed approach is confirmed by tests performed in two subsystems of the Hydro-Québec Trans-Énergie

Stomatal regulation and xylem cavitation in Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort) under drought conditions

In many trees species, a strong relationship exists between stomatal closure and the onset of cavitation in xylem vessels. This relationship was investigated in a Citrus species. Young potted 'Clementine' (Citrus clementina Hort 'Clementine') grafted on 'Carrizo Citrange' (Citrus sinensis X Poncirus trifoliata) or 'Trifoliate Orange' (Poncirus trifoliata Raf), and grown under greenhouse conditions, were submitted to periods of drought by withholding irrigation. Pre-dawn water potential, leaf stomatal conductance, plant transpiration, the degree of xylem embolism, and xylem vulnerability curves were measured. Transpiration and stomatal conductance were reduced to a minimum value when the pre-dawn water potential reached -1 MPa.This value corresponded to the threshold pressure below which cavitation was induced. Higher intensities of water stress provoked more cavitation, but the degree of xylem embolism, as measured by percentage loss of conductivity, always remained below 50%.'Clementine' is therefore vulnerable to embolism, but early stomatal regulation prevents the occurrence of embolism. Under severe water stress, 'Clementine' is able to maintain functional xylem vessels, which probably enhances its survival during periods of intense drought, and favours its recovery. This suggests that xylem cavitation is a key process in understanding the response of Citrus to drought and, hence, is a promising criterion by which to screen for more drought-tolerant genotypes